Budaya massa, dalam pengertian sederhana adalah “karya kreatif yang dimassalkan, yang diproduksi secara masif, yang ditunjang teknologi dan industri tinggi [...] termasuk model pakaian, fashion, film, televisi, musik pop, lifestyle atau gaya hidup” (hlm. xiii-xiv). Agama, atau lebih tepatnya “tafsir atas agama, atau tafsir atas ajaran agama” (hlm. xiv) dapat menjadi tema karya kreatif itu. Contohnya, terutama, sinetron-sinetron religi bernuansa Islami yang sekarang ini semakin banyak tampil pada layar televisi, tanpa menunggu bulan istimewa Ramadhan. Selain itu, agama juga dapat menjadi (...) sensor untuk menentukan karya kreatif yang pantas dimassalkan lewat media elektronik maupun media cetak. sense yang digunakan oleh para penyensor adalah moral dan ajaran agama, yang dalam keyakinan mereka harus dijaga. Para penyensor ini bukan hanya lembaga sensor, melainkan juga kelompok- kelompok yang menyebut diri pembela agama tertentu. Lembaga sensor menyampaikan larangan; kelompok-kelompok ini menyerukan protes. Mengemban misi menjaga moral dan ajaran agama, para penyensor dan pemrotes lebih sering mengajukan argumen sensor yang tidak masuk akal (doesn’t make sense) alias “ajaib” (hlm. 163) dan konyol. Lebih ajaib dan konyol, mereka, yang mengaku menjunjung agama dan moral, tidak punya sense mengenai ketidakadilan, khususnya yang dialami wanita. Produk budaya massa yang menciptakan image negatif wanita dibiarkan menjejali benak masyarakat. Wanita harus dikendalikan sebab ia binal, nakal—dengan cara diambil hak atas tubuhnya, dibung- kam suaranya, dipermalukan di hadapan publik, dan kalau perlu dira- jam oleh massa, yang adalah laki-laki dan (sama-sama) wanita. Ketidakadilan terhadap wanita, yang dipublikasikan oleh budaya massa dan ajaran agama menjadi sorotan utama Veven Sp. Wardhana di dalam buku ini. Dipublikasikan di sini berarti ditampilkan di ruang publik supaya diterima sebagai sesuatu yang wajar dan sewajarnya oleh masyarakat. Perempuan: seksualitas, sunat, syahwat; Puanografi: Yang Bukan Perempuan (Tak) Ambil Bagian; Televisi dan Fashionista atawa Perempuan Nista; Perempuan di Layar Televisi: Dari Losmen sampai sinema Relijius; dan Catatan sipil, Media Hiburan, dan Fatwa Haram adalah lima judul yang paling sarat dengan gugatan Wardhana atas perlakuan tidak adil terhadap wanita di negeri ini.................. Pembaca perlu mengingat bahwa buku ini merupakan kumpulan delapan belas tulisan Wardhana dari berbagai waktu dan ruang publi- kasi. Oleh sebab itu, ada beberapa pembahasan dan contoh kasus yang muncul berulang-ulang, antara lain, mengenai sensor film Yang Muda Yang Bercinta (1977) karya Sjuman Djaya dan isu perkawinan Bambang- Halimah. Dengan demikian, kedelapan belas judul pada buku tidak merepresentasikan sebuah rangkaian pemikiran yang sistematik. Na- mun, hal ini tidak mengurangi nilai karya Wardhana, tidak pula menum- pulkan kritiknya terhadap keempat penguasa ruang publik: budaya massa, agama, kapitalisme, dan politik. Akhirnya, menyajikan karyanya kepada masyarakat, Wardhana mengajak setiap warga negara ini untuk bersikap kritis terhadap karya- karya kreatif yang dipublikasikan lewat media cetak dan media elek- tronik. Masyarakat tidak perlu menunggu pemerintah dan para kreator budaya massa mengubah haluan dari pembodohan ke pencerdasan. Masyarakat sendiri harus mampu menghentikan proses pembodohan dengan menyeleksi bacaan dan tontonan yang mereka sajikan, dan me- milih hanya yang mencerdaskan dirinya. (Yap Fu Lan, Program studi Ilmu Pendidikan Teologi, FKIP, Universitas Katolik Atma Jaya, Jakarta). (shrink)

Abstrak: John Zizioulas merefleksikan kembali doktrin Allah Trinitaris dan mencoba mencari cara-cara baru menolong umat beriman zaman ini menemukan makna ajaran iman ini. Merujuk teologi para Bapa Gereja Kapadokia, Zizioulas mengajukan gambar Allah Trinitaris sebagai Pribadi yang berkomunitas. Pribadi memiliki tiga karakteristik: primer dan absolut, ekstasis dan hipostasis, unik dan tak tergantikan. Pribadi selalu bergerak ke luar dirinya, ke arah pribadi yang lain, maka ia menerima keberbedaan. Kehidupan dan identitas otentik pribadi ditemukan hanya di dalam komunitas yang dibangunnya bersama pribadi-pribadi (...) yang lain. Gerak Pribadi Allah adalah eros, cinta yang merangkul pribadi-pribadi yang lain beserta keberbedaan mereka, yakni manusia dan segenap ciptaan. Berkomunitas dengan Allah dan segenap ciptaan, manusia melampaui substansi manusiawi dan kondisi naturalnya. Manusia tidak lagi menjadi milik kematian melainkan kehidupan kekal. Gereja adalah image Allah Trinitaris karena ia adalah komunitas pribadi-pribadi yang mengalami kelahiran baru oleh Roh Kudus di dalam peristiwa Kristus. Sebagai image Allah Trinitaris, cara Gereja hadir di dunia ialah dengan menjadi komunitas katolik dan ekaristis. Untuk menjadi komunitas katolik-ekaristis, pembaruan cara hidup, struktur hirarkis, dan pelayanan Gereja adalah sebuah kebutuhan. Kata-kata Kunci: pribadi, substansi, ekstasis-hipostasis, keberbedaan, identitas otentik, komunitas ekaristis, imago Dei/Trinitatis, eros. Abstract: John Zizioulas did his reflection on the doctrine of the Trinity in term to seek new ways that help the faithful to grasp the meaning of this teaching. Referring to the theology of Cappadocian Fathers, Zizioulas provides a picture of the Trinity as Persons within communion. A person has three primary characteristics: primary and absolute, ecstatic and hypostatic, unique and irreplaceable. A person always moves towards others, thus she/he embraces otherness. The very life and authentic identity of a person can be found only in communion with others. The Person of God moves as eros, God’s love which embraces the others and otherness, i.e. human beings and the rest of creation. Being in communion with God and all creations, human being overcomes the human substance and its nature. Human being no longer belongs to death but to eternal life. The church is an image of the Trinity for it is a communion of the new persons that were delivered by the Holy Spirit within the Christ event. As the image of the Trinity, the Church’s way of being in this world is by becoming a catholic and eucharistic community. To be such a community, the renewal of the Church’s way of life, hierarchical structure, and ministries is a necessity. Kata-kata Kunci: Person, substance, ecstatic-hypostatic, otherness, authentic identity, eucharistic community, image of God/image of the Trinity, eros. (shrink)

Using a cross‐modal semantic priming paradigm, both experiments of the present study investigated the link between the mental representations of iconic gestures and words. Two groups of the participants performed a primed lexical decision task where they had to discriminate between visually presented words and nonwords (e.g., flirp). Word targets (e.g., bird) were preceded by video clips depicting either semantically related (e.g., pair of hands flapping) or semantically unrelated (e.g., drawing a square with both hands) gestures. The duration of gestures (...) was on average 3,500 ms in Experiment 1 but only 1,000 ms in Experiment 2. Significant priming effects were observed in both experiments, with faster response latencies for related gesture–word pairs than unrelated pairs. These results are consistent with the idea of interactions between the gestural and lexical representational systems, such that mere exposure to iconic gestures facilitates the recognition of semantically related words. (shrink)

Using a cross-modal semantic priming paradigm, both experiments of the present study investigated the link between the mental representations of iconic gestures and words. Two groups of the participants performed a primed lexical decision task where they had to discriminate between visually presented words and nonwords (e.g., flirp). Word targets (e.g., bird) were preceded by video clips depicting either semantically related (e.g., pair of hands flapping) or semantically unrelated (e.g., drawing a square with both hands) gestures. The duration of gestures (...) was on average 3,500 ms in Experiment 1 but only 1,000 ms in Experiment 2. Significant priming effects were observed in both experiments, with faster response latencies for related gesture–word pairs than unrelated pairs. These results are consistent with the idea of interactions between the gestural and lexical representational systems, such that mere exposure to iconic gestures facilitates the recognition of semantically related words. (shrink)

Dictionary of terminology of Yoga philosophy.

Given that care duties are central to the definition of motherhood across contexts, an extended separation from the woman’s family due to migration presents a major threat to her social identity as a mother and wife. Drawing on West and Zimmerman’s notion of “doing gender” and ethnographic research on Vietnamese low-waged contract workers in Taiwan, I provide vital insights into the discursive processes and everyday practices that underlie migrant women’s negotiations of motherhood and femininity. Specifically, I examine the various ways (...) migrant women perform and negotiate meanings of hy sinh and chịu đựng that are core values of Vietnamese womanhood. Combating the stigma of bad motherhood and failed femininity, I emphasize, is not just about reasserting one’s sense of gendered self but also about reassuring her access to the future support and care of the family. The study emphasizes intentionality and pragmatism in women’s social doings of gender and highlights moral dilemmas in gender politics. (shrink)

This project was undertaken to ascertain the perceptions of a group of Taiwan’s fourth-year bachelor of science in nursing (BSN) students regarding death and help expected from nurses during the dying process. Within the Chinese culture, death is one of the most important life issues. However, in many Chinese societies it is difficult for people to reveal their deepest feelings to their significant others or loved ones. It was in this context that this project was developed because little is known (...) about how Taiwan’s nursing students perceive death and the dying process. Using an open-ended, self-report questionnaire, 110 senior BSN students recorded their thoughts on: (1) their fears before physical death; (2) afterlife destinations; and (3) the help they would expect from nurses when dying. The data were analyzed using a three-layer qualitative thematic analysis. The students’ reported needs during the dying process were directed towards three main goals: (1) help in reaching the ‘triple targets of individual life’; (2) help in facilitating in-depth support so that both the dying person and significant others can experience a blessed farewell; and (3) help in reaching a destination in the afterlife. The results support the belief of dying as a transition occurring when life weans itself from the mortal world and prepares for an afterlife. (shrink)

Bu çalışma, Aristoteles ve Platon özelinde, “poiēsis” fiilinin iki farklı tarzda kavramsallaştırmasından doğan yapıca uzlaşmaz iki “tragedya” anlayışını irdeleme amacı taşımaktadır. Bunun için, Peri Poiētikēs Tekhnēs ile Politeia metinleri yol gösterici olarak seçilmiştir. Tartışmamızı “mimēsis” bağlamına yerleştirerek, bir yandan “poiēsis” etkinliğine diğer yandan ise “poiēsis” etkinliğinin gerçekleştiricisi olan “poiētēs”e yönelip, bu kavramların bahsedilen iki filozofun “sanat” ve “felsefe” kavrayışlarındaki yerini açmayı deniyoruz. Bu denemeyi ise tragedya bağlamında karşımıza çıkan fâil, fiil, münfâil hâl ve seyirci mefhumları üzerinden derinleştirmeye çalışıyoruz. Böylece, sunduğumuz (...) eleştirel değerlendirmelerden hareketle, aslında Aristoteles’in değil, fakat Platon’un “sanat”ın bir “tekhnē ” ve “poiētikē ” olarak asıl anlamını yakalamış olabileceğine dair bir ipucu bırakıyoruz. (shrink)

Gene therapy approaches have great promise in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and malignant brain tumors. Neuwelt et al. review available viral-mediated gene therapy methods and their blood-brain-barrier (BBB) disruption delivery technique, briefly mentioning nonviral mediated gene therapy methods. This commentary discussed the BBB disruption delivery technique, viral and nonviral mediated gene therapy approaches to Parkinson's disease, and the potential use of antisense oligo to suppress malignant brain tumors.

We present Dynamic Epistemic Temporal Logic, a framework for reasoning about operations on multi-agent Kripke models that contain a designated temporal relation. These operations are natural extensions of the well-known “action models” from Dynamic Epistemic Logic. Our “temporal action models” may be used to define a number of informational actions that can modify the “objective” temporal structure of a model along with the agents’ basic and higher-order knowledge and beliefs about this structure, including their beliefs about the time. In essence, (...) this approach provides one way to extend the domain of action model-style operations from atemporal Kripke models to temporal Kripke models in a manner that allows actions to control the flow of time. We present a number of examples to illustrate the subtleties involved in interpreting the effects of our extended action models on temporal Kripke models. We also study preservation of important epistemic-temporal properties of temporal Kripke models under temporal action model-induced operations, provide complete axiomatizations for two theories of temporal action models, and connect our approach with previous work on time in DEL. (shrink)

This study examines values and value types as well as scores in levels of moral reasoning for␣students enrolled in a business program. These two factors are measured using the Schwartz Personal Values␣Questionnaire and the Defining Issues Test 2. No statistically significant differences in levels of moral␣reasoning, rankings of values, and value types could be attributed to gender. However, eight significant correlations between value types and levels of moral reasoning provide evidence that a systematic relationship exists. The relationships are not only (...) internally consistent but also consistent with the model of values based on motivational goals (Schwartz S. H. and K. Boenke: 2004, Journal of Research in Personality , 38 230–255). (shrink)

Gözlemlenenlerden gözlemlen(e)meyenlere diğer bir deyişle genel yasalara ulaşma imkânı veren çıkarım yöntemi olarak tümevarımsal ya da endüktif akıl yürütmenin rasyonel olarak temellendirilmesinin imkanına yönelik soruşturma tarih içerisinde tümevarım sorunu ya da endüksiyon problemi olarak tezahür etmiştir. Bu sorunun temel argümanı tarihsel okumalara baktığımızda İskoç ampirist filozof David Hume tarafından öne sürülmüştür. Hume, tümevarımsal çıkarımlar temelinde, gözlenmeyen meseleler hakkındaki inançlarımıza hangi gerekçelerle ulaştığımızı soruşturmaktadır. Hume soruşturmasının sonucunda gözlemlenenden gözlemlen(e)meyen durumlara ilişkin yapılan olgu meseleleri ile ilgili bütün tümevarımsal akıl yürütmelerin dolaylı ya (...) da dolaysız olarak nedensellik ilişkisine ve bu ilişkinin temelinde yer alan doğanın düzenliliği ilkesi ya da “gelecek her zaman geçmişe benzer” önermesine dayandığını ifade ederek bütün tümevarımsal akıl yürütmelerde ortak olan geleceğin her zaman geçmişe benzeyeceği ifadesinin rasyonel olarak temellendirilmesinin mümkün olmadığını belirtmektedir. Bu bağlamda, çalışmada tümevarımsal akıl yürütme sonucunda ulaşılan sonuca inanmanın hiçbir rasyonel temelinin olamayacağı yönündeki Hume’un görüşü argüman formunda yeniden yapılandırılarak ortaya konulacaktır. (shrink)

An account of how the mathematical sciences turn the mind away from becoming and towards being. There are four main conclusions. 1. The study of numbers, when treated independently of the other sciences, uses a particular conception of the nature of numbers to detach the mind from the influence of perceptible objects. 2. The study of ratios and proportions, explicitly the core of Plato's harmonics, is fundamental also to plane and solid geometry and astronomy. 3. Ratios and proportion form the (...) basis for the synoptic vision of all the mathematical sciences. This vision is an essential preparation for dialectic because it makes mathematicians become aware of the limitations of the mathematics they have been engaged in but it also shows them how they can begin to overcome those limitations. 4. The main purpose of the study of numbers, treated finally in relation to the other sciences, is to calculate ratios. (shrink)

In recent years, more and more Chinese women have joined the legal profession and have made remarkable achievements in this field. Gender stereotypes, however, which involve a deep-rooted social concept, have seriously hindered Chinese women’s development in the legal profession and have had a profound and adverse impact on women’s career progression. Based on the statistical data in the public domain as well as the ethnographic data drawn from interviews with legal professionals and informal conversations with lawyers known to the (...) principal author, this paper focuses on women in the Chinese legal profession, identifies the causes of women’s dilemmas in their career development as well as the impact of gender stereotyping on them within the legal profession in order to provide some insights on improving gender equality in China. According to the authors, the causes of gender stereotypes in China are diverse: Existing legal institutions promote and maintain such stereotyping practices; traditional gender concepts enter into and disseminated in people’s thoughts; the theory of biological determinism in the field of science misleads the general public; and the legal system constructs women’s status as workers and mothers. In view of this, it is necessary to achieve substantive equality in China’s legal profession by weakening men’s domination of the legal profession, improving the structure and ideology of relevant institutions and policies in offering women more incentives for career development, and also changing women’s understanding of and efforts against biased gender stereotypes. This will help break down China’s gender stereotypes, promote gender equality in the legal profession, and address the dilemma of women’s legal career development. (shrink)

该书收入的论文分为三部分。第一部分的六篇论文探讨了文化和宗教对话的理论基础;第二部分九篇论文则是具体的宗教比较和对话;第三部分的四篇论文则把重点放在中国宗教的研究上。.

This essay is an attempt to look at economics from a Christian perspective in this time of crisis. This exploration is of great personal interest to me because I am a Christian and an economist. During my entire adult life, I have been trying to connect these two parts of who I am: my Christian faith and my vocation in economics. In the beginning of my career I focused more on the dialectic tension between economics and faith. As I have (...) grown older I have moved more towards a synthesis of economics and faith. (shrink)

ABSTRACT The ongoing Sino-U.S. trade dispute between the world’s two largest economies has since 2018 attracted much attention from the international media. This study used the approach of corpus-assisted discourse studies to compare how leading English-language newspapers from each side—The New York Times and China Daily — discursively constructed this issue. The findings indicated that while NYT tended to profile the trade conflict as a ‘war’ in line with mainstream hard-line ideologies that emphasize China’s presumed threat to national security of (...) the U.S., CD sought to dial down the rhetoric and showed a preference for defining the matter as a ‘friction’, consistent with the tenet of ‘pragmatic nationalism’ endorsed by the Communist Party of China. Accordingly, the two newspapers framed the causes, moral evaluation/consequences, and treatment of the issue in congruence with their respective dominant metaphors by means of various linguistic patterns. These differences are interpreted with regard to each side’s underlying ideologies and national interests. (shrink)

van Bentham et al. (Merging frameworks for interaction: DEL and ETL, 2007) provides a framework for generating the models of Epistemic Temporal Logic ( ETL : Fagin et al., Reasoning about knowledge, 1995; Parikh and Ramanujam, Journal of Logic, Language, and Information, 2003) from the models of Dynamic Epistemic Logic ( DEL : Baltag et al., in: Gilboa (ed.) Tark 1998, 1998; Gerbrandy, Bisimulations on Planet Kripke, 1999). We consider the logic TDEL on the merged semantic framework, and its extension (...) with the labeled past-operator “ P ϵ ” (“The event ϵ has happened before which. . .”). To axiomatize the extension, we introduce a method for transforming a given model into a normal form in a suitable sense. These logics suggest further applications of DEL in the theory of agency, the theory of learning, etc. (shrink)

This paper uses the Process Dissociation Procedure to explore whether people can acquire unconscious knowledge in the serial reaction time task [Destrebecqz, A., & Cleeremans, A. . Can sequence learning be implicit? New evidence with the Process Dissociation Procedure. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8, 343–350; Wilkinson, L., & Shanks, D. R. . Intentional control and implicit sequence learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30, 354–369]. Experiment 1 showed that people generated legal sequences above baseline levels under exclusion (...) instructions. Reward moved exclusion performance towards baseline, indicating that the extent of motivation in the test phase influenced the expression of unconscious knowledge. Experiments 2 and 3 revealed that even with reward, adding noise to the sequences or shortening training led to above-baseline exclusion performance, suggesting that task difficulty and the amount of training also affected the expression of unconscious knowledge. The results help resolve some current debates about the role of conscious awareness in sequence learning. (shrink)

Greek philosophy; stoicism; influence; Islamic philosophy; history; MA thesis.

To solve the problem that traditional trajectory prediction methods cannot meet the requirements of high-precision, multi-dimensional and real-time prediction, a 4D trajectory prediction model based on the backpropagation (BP) neural network was studied. First, the hierarchical clustering algorithm and the k-means clustering algorithm were adopted to analyze the total flight time. Then, cubic spline interpolation was used to interpolate the flight position to extract the main trajectory feature. The 4D trajectory prediction model was based on the BP neural network. It (...) was trained by Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast trajectory from Qingdao to Beijing and used to predict the flight trajectory at future moments. In this paper, the model is evaluated by the common measurement index such as maximum absolute error, mean absolute error and root mean square error. It also gives an analysis and comparison of the predicted over-point time, the predicted over-point altitude, the actual over-point time and the actual over-point altitude. The results indicate that the predicted 4D trajectory is close to the real flight data, and the time error at the crossing point is no more than 1 min and the altitude error at the crossing point is no more than 50 m, which is of high accuracy. (shrink)